Verb-Noun Derivation
Derivation is the process whereby the addition of affixes, chiefly prefixes and suffixes in English, to base forms results in the creation of new words. In English, the affixation of the suffixes -er, -or, and -ar to verbs creates nouns. The -er, -or, and -ar are referred to as agentive suffixes because their affixation to action verbs produces agent nouns, or nouns that identify the person or other entity performing the action. In other words, agent nouns are usually names for people. For example, affixing -er to the base form of the verb learn results in the noun learner, meaning someone who learns, and affixing -or to the base form of the verb interrogate results in the noun interrogator, meaning someone who interrogates.
Some Agent Nouns
The following three lists provide examples of some common agent nouns in English organized by -er, -or, and -ar suffix.
Verb – Noun
- bake – baker
- clean – cleaner
- dance – dancer
- employ – employer
- farm – farmer
- garden – gardener
- lead – leader
- listen – listener
- manage – manager
- mourn – mourner
- observe – observer
- paint – painter
- publish – publisher
- read – reader
- research – researcher
- sell – seller
- teach – teacher
- travel – traveler
- use – user
- write – writer
Verb – Noun
- act – actor
- administrate – administrator
- advise – advisor
- animate – animator
- audit – auditor
- conduct – conductor
- decorate – decorator
- direct – director
- edit – editor
- educate – educator
- govern – governor
- instruct – instructor
- invent – inventor
- investigate – investigator
- negotiate – negotiator
- operate – operator
- possess – possessor
- sail – sailor
- supervise – supervisor
- visit – visitor
Verb – Noun
- beg – beggar
- lie – liar
Spelling Rules for Agent Nouns
For verbs spelled with a final consonant preceded by either two vowels or additional consonants or with a vowel preceded by a consonant, simply add the agent suffix:
- act – actor
- design – designer
- ski – skier
- teach – teacher
For verbs spelled with a final w, x, or y preceded by a vowel, simply add the agent suffix:
- box – boxer
- brew – brewer
- play – player
- survey – surveyor
For verbs spelled with a final "silent" e preceded by a consonant, remove the e and then add the agent suffix:
- drive – driver
- love – lover
- observe – observer
- supervise – supervisor
For verbs spelled with a final y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and then add the agent suffix:
- cry – crier
- fly – flier
- supply – supplier
- worry – worrier
For two-syllable verbs spelled with a final le, remove the e and then add the agent suffix:
- cobble – cobbler
- handle – handler
- meddle – meddler
- tumble – tumbler
For two-syllable verbs spelled with a final er, simply add the agent suffix:
- discover – discoverer
- gather – gatherer
- murder – murderer
- suffer – sufferer
For one-syllable verbs that end in a single vowel followed by a single consonant other than w, x, or y, double the final consonant and then add the agent suffix:
- beg – beggar
- drum – drummer
- jog – jogger
- plan – planner
For two-syllable verbs that end in a single vowel followed by a single consonant other than w, x, or y, double the final consonant and then add the agent suffix:
- begin – beginner
- format – formatter
For verbs that end with the letter c, add the letter k after the c and then add the agent suffix:
- frolic – frolicker
- mimic – mimicker
- picnic – picnicker
- traffic – trafficker
Printable Download
For a more complete list of agent nouns derived from verbs, please download the printable Agent Nouns Vocabulary List.
